Which New England Colony Did Not Require All Adults To Attend Church Services?

English language possession in North America between 1630 and 1691

The Colony of Massachusetts Bay Massachusetts Bay Colony
1630–1686 1689–1691
Flag Colonial Seal
Map of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Status	Disestablished
Uppercase	Salem, Charlestown, Boston
Common languages	English language, Massachusett, Mi'kmaq
Organized religion	Congregationalism
Government	Self-governing colony
Governor
• 1629–1631	John Endecott (showtime)
• 1689–1692	Simon Bradstreet (last)
Legislature	Peachy and General Court or Assembly of Massachusetts Bay
• Upper House (de facto)	Council of Assistants
• Lower House (de facto)	Assembly
Historical era	British colonization of the Americas Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)
• Lease Issued	1630
• New England Confederation formed	1643
• Revocation of the Royal Lease	1684
• Dominion of New England established	1686
• Rule dissolved	1689
• Massachusetts Charter for the Province of Massachusetts Bay	1691
• Disestablished, reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay	1686 1689–1691
Currency	Pound sterling Massachusetts pound, pine tree shilling
Succeeded by Dominion of New England Province of Massachusetts Bay
Today office of	Massachusetts Maine New Hampshire

The Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630–1691), more formally The Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was an English language settlement on the east coast of America around the Massachusetts Bay, the northernmost of the several colonies later on reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The lands of the settlement were in southern New England, with initial settlements on two natural harbors and surrounding land almost 15.4 miles (24.8 km) apart—the areas around Salem and Boston, northward of the previously established Plymouth Colony. The territory nominally administered by the Massachusetts Bay Colony covered much of central New England, including portions of Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Connecticut.

The Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded by the owners of the Massachusetts Bay Company, including investors in the failed Dorchester Company, which had established a brusque-lived settlement on Cape Ann in 1623. The colony began in 1628 and was the company'south second attempt at colonization. It was successful, with about 20,000 people migrating to New England in the 1630s. The population was strongly Puritan and was governed largely past a small group of leaders strongly influenced by Puritan teachings. Its governors were elected by an electorate limited to freemen who had been formally admitted to the local church. As a upshot, the colonial leadership showed little tolerance for other religious views, including Anglican, Quaker,^[ane] and Baptist theologies.

The colonists initially had expert relationships with the local Indians, but frictions developed which led to the Pequot War (1636–38) and then to King Philip'southward War (1675–78), afterwards which well-nigh of the Indians in southern New England made peace treaties with the colonists (autonomously from the Pequot tribe, whose survivors were largely captivated into the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes post-obit the Pequot War).

The Massachusetts Bay Colony was economically successful, trading with England, United mexican states and the Due west Indies. In addition to castling, transactions were done in English language pounds, Castilian "pieces of eight", and wampum in the 1640s. A shortage of currency prompted the colony to call on the respected John Hull to establish a mint and serve as mintmaster and treasurer in 1652. The Hull Mint produced oak tree, willow tree, and pine tree shillings.

Political differences with England after the English language Restoration led to the revocation of the colonial charter in 1684. Male monarch James II established the Dominion of New England in 1686 to bring all of the New England colonies under firmer crown command. The Dominion collapsed after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 deposed James, and the Massachusetts Bay Colony reverted to dominion under its revoked charter until 1691, when a new lease was issued for the Province of Massachusetts Bay. This new province combined the Massachusetts Bay territories with those of the Plymouth Colony and proprietary holdings on Nantucket and Martha'due south Vineyard. Sir William Phips arrived in 1692 begetting the charter and formally took charge of the new province.

History [edit]

Map depicting tribal distribution in southern New England, circa 1600; the political boundaries shown are modern

Before the arrival of European colonists on the eastern shore of New England, the expanse effectually Massachusetts Bay was the territory of several Algonquian-speaking peoples, including the Massachusetts, Nausets, and Wampanoags. The Pennacooks occupied the Merrimack River valley to the northward, and the Nipmucs, Pocumtucs, and Mahicans occupied the western lands of Massachusetts, although some of those tribes were under tribute to the Mohawks, who were expanding aggressively from upstate New York.^[2] The total Indigenous population in 1620 has been estimated to exist 7,000.^[3] This number was significantly larger as belatedly equally 1616; in later years, contemporaneous chroniclers interviewed Indigenous people who described a major pestilence which killed every bit many as two-thirds of the population. The land-utilise patterns of the Indigenous people included plots cleared for agricultural purposes and woodland territories for hunting game. Land divisions among the tribes were well understood.^[iii]

During the early 17th century, several European explorers charted the area, including Samuel de Champlain and John Smith.^[iv] Plans began in 1606 for the kickoff permanent British settlements on the eastward coast of Due north America. On April 10, 1606, King James I of England granted a charter forming two articulation-stock companies.^[5] Neither of these corporations was given a name by this charter, but the territories were named as the "first Colony" and "second Colony", over which they were respectively authorized to settle and to govern. Under this lease, the "commencement Colony" and the "second Colony" were to be ruled by a Council composed of 13 individuals in each colony. The charter provided for an additional council of thirteen persons named "Quango of Virginia" which had overarching responsibility for the combined enterprise.^[six]

The "beginning Colony" ranged from the 34th- to 41st-degree breadth north; the "second Colony" ranged from the 38th- to 45th-caste latitude. (Notation that the "starting time Colony" and the "second Colony" overlapped. The 1629 charter of Charles I asserted that the 2d Colony ranged from 40th to 48th degrees northward latitude, which reduced the overlap.) Investors from London were appointed to govern over any settlements in the "first Colony"; investors from the "Town of Plimouth in the County of Devon" were appointed to govern over whatsoever settlements in the "second Colony". The London Company proceeded to establish Jamestown.^[vii] The Plymouth Visitor nether the guidance of Sir Ferdinando Gorges covered the more northern surface area, including New England, and established the Sagadahoc Colony in 1607 in Maine.^[8] The experience proved exceptionally difficult for the 120 settlers, however, and the surviving colonists abandoned the colony after just ane year.^[9] Gorges noted that "there was no more speech of settling plantations in those parts" for a number of years.^[10] English language ships continued to come to the New England surface area for fishing and trade with the Ethnic population.^[11]

Plymouth Colony [edit]

In December 1620, a grouping of Pilgrims established Plymouth Colony but to the due south of Massachusetts Bay, seeking to preserve their cultural identity and reach religious freedom.^[12] Plymouth'south colonists faced nifty hardships and earned few profits for their investors, who sold their interests to them in 1627.^[13] Edward Winslow and William Bradford were 2 of the colony's leaders and were probable the authors of a work published in England in 1622 called Mourt'due south Relation. This book in some ways resembles a promotional tract intended to encourage further clearing.^[xiv] At that place were other short-lived colonial settlements in 1623 and 1624 at Weymouth, Massachusetts; Thomas Weston'south Wessagusset Colony failed, as did an effort by Robert Gorges to establish an overarching colonial construction.^{[fifteen] [xvi]}

Cape Ann settlement [edit]

In 1623, the Plymouth Council for New England (successor to the Plymouth Visitor) established a small angling hamlet at Cape Ann under the supervision of the Dorchester Company, with Thomas Gardner as its overseer. This company was originally organized through the efforts of Puritan minister John White (1575–1648) of Dorchester, in the English county of Dorset. White has been called "the father of the Massachusetts Colony" considering of his influence in establishing this settlement, fifty-fifty though he never emigrated.^[17] The Cape Ann settlement was non profitable, and the financial backers of the Dorchester Company terminated their support by the end of 1625. Their settlement was abandoned at present-twenty-four hour period Gloucester, only a few settlers remained in the area, including Roger Conant, establishing a settlement a trivial further south at what is at present Salem, near the village of the Naumkeag tribe.^[18]

Legal formation of the colony [edit]

Archbishop William Laud was a favorite advisor of King Charles I and a defended Anglican, and he sought to suppress the religious practices of Puritans and other nonconforming behavior in England. The persecution of many Puritans in the 1620s led them to believe that religious reform would non exist possible while Charles was king, and many decided to seek a new life in the New World.^[19]

John White continued to seek funding for a colony. On 19 March 1627/8,^[20] the Quango for New England issued a land grant to a new group of investors that included a few from the Dorchester Company. The state grant was for territory between the Charles River and Merrimack River that extended from "the Atlantick and westerne sea and ocean on the east parte, to the Southward sea on the west parte."^[21] The company to whom the grant was sold was styled "The New England Company for a Plantation in Massachusetts Bay".^[22] The company elected Matthew Cradock as its start governor and immediately began organizing provisions and recruiting settlers.

The visitor sent approximately 100 new settlers with provisions to join Conant in 1628, led by Governor'southward Assistant John Endecott, one of the grantees.^[23] The side by side year, Naumkeag was renamed Salem and fortified by another 300 settlers led by Rev. Francis Higginson, i of the kickoff ministers of the settlement.^[24] The first winters were difficult, with colonists struggling against starvation and disease, resulting in numerous deaths.^{[25] [26]}

The company leaders sought a Majestic Lease for the colony considering they were concerned about the legality of conflicting land claims given to several companies (including the New England Company) for the little-known territories of the New World, and considering of the increasing number of Puritans who wanted to join them. Charles granted the new charter on 4 March 1628/nine,^[27] superseding the land grant and establishing a legal basis for the new English language colony at Massachusetts, appointing Endecott as governor. It was non apparent whether Charles knew that the Company was meant to back up the Puritan emigration, and he was probable left to assume that it was purely for business purposes, equally was the custom. The charter omitted a pregnant clause: the location for the annual stockholders' meeting. Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629, whereupon the company's directors met to consider the possibility of moving the visitor's seat of governance to the colony. This was followed later on that year past the Cambridge Understanding, in which a group of investors agreed to immigrate and work to buy out others who would not emigrate.

The Massachusetts Bay Colony became the starting time English chartered colony whose lath of governors did not reside in England. This independence helped the settlers to maintain their Puritan religious practices without interference from the male monarch, Archbishop Laud, or the Anglican Church. The charter remained in force for 55 years; Charles II revoked information technology in 1684.^[28] Parliament passed legislation collectively called the Navigation Acts which attempted to preclude the colonists from trading with any nation other than England. Colonial resistance to those acts led Rex Charles to revoke the Massachusetts charter and consolidate all the colonies in New England, New York, and New Jersey into the Dominion of New England.

Territory claimed but never administered past the colonial authorities extended theoretically as far west as the Pacific Body of water. The Dutch colony of New Netherland disputed many of its territorial claims, arguing that they held rights to state beyond Rhode Island up to the western side of Cape Cod, nether the jurisdiction of Plymouth Colony at the time.

Colonial history [edit]

John Winthrop led the first large wave of colonists from England in 1630 and served as governor for 12 of the colony's beginning 20 years

A flotilla of ships sailed from England commencement in April 1630, sometimes known as the Winthrop Fleet. They began arriving at Salem in June and carried more than 700 colonists, Governor John Winthrop, and the colonial charter.^[29] Winthrop delivered his famous sermon "Urban center upon a Hill" either before or during the voyage.^[30]

Over the next ten years, about 20,000 Puritans emigrated from England to Massachusetts and the neighboring colonies during the Great Migration.^[31] Many ministers reacted to the repressive religious policies of England, making the trip with their congregations, among whom were John Cotton fiber, Roger Williams, Thomas Hooker, and others. Religious divisions and the demand for additional country prompted a number of new settlements that resulted in Connecticut Colony (by Hooker) and the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (past Williams and others). Minister John Wheelwright was banished after the Antinomian controversy (like Anne Hutchinson), and he moved north to found Exeter, New Hampshire.

The advent of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in 1639 brought a halt to major migration, and a significant number of men returned to England to fight in the war. Massachusetts authorities were sympathetic to the Parliamentary crusade and had generally positive relationships with the governments of the English Commonwealth and the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. The colony's economy began to diversify in the 1640s, as the fur trading, lumber, and line-fishing industries found markets in Europe and the West Indies, and the colony's shipbuilding manufacture adult. The growth of a generation of people born in the colony and the rise of a merchant class began to slowly alter the political and cultural landscape of the colony, even though its governance continued to exist dominated by relatively conservative Puritans.

Colonial support for the Democracy created tension later on the throne was restored to Charles II in 1660. Charles sought to extend royal influence over the colonies, which Massachusetts resisted forth with the other colonies. For example, the Massachusetts Bay colony repeatedly refused requests by Charles and his agents to allow the Church building of England to become established, and the New England colonies generally resisted the Navigation Acts, laws that restricted colonial trade to England alone.

The New England colonies were ravaged by King Philip'southward War (1675–76), when the Ethnic peoples of southern New England rose upwards against the colonists and were decisively defeated, although at swell toll in life to all concerned. The Massachusetts frontier was particularly hard hit: several communities in the Connecticut and Swift River valleys were abandoned. By the end of the war, about of the Indigenous population of southern New England made peace treaties with the colonists.

Confrontation with England [edit]

England had difficulty enforcing its laws and regulations in the Massachusetts Bay colony, every bit it was a articulation-stock colony which was unlike the royal colonies and proprietary colonies that the English crown administered. Massachusetts Bay was largely self-governing with its ain house of deputies, governor, and other self-appointed officers. The colony also did not go along its headquarters and oversight in London but moved them to the colony. The Massachusetts Bay colonists viewed themselves as something autonomously from their "mother country" of England because of this tradition of cocky-rule, coupled with the theocratic nature of New England Puritan lodge. The Puritan founders of Massachusetts and Plymouth saw themselves as having been divinely given their lands in the New World with a duty to implement and observe religious police.^[32]

English colonists took control of New Netherland in 1664, and the crown sent purple commissioners to New England from the new Province of New York to investigate the condition of the authorities and legal organisation of the colonies. These commissioners were to bring the New England colonies into a stronger connection with England, including allowing the crown to nominate the governor of the colony. The New England colonists refused, claiming that the King had no right to "supervise" Massachusetts Bay'south laws and courts,^[33] and saying that they ought to continue every bit they were so long as they remained within the legal rights and privileges of their charter. The Commissioners asked that the colony pay its obligated 20-percent of all gold and argent found in New England, just the colonists responded that they were "not obligated to the rex but past civility".^[33]

Massachusetts Bay Governors John Leverett (left) and Simon Bradstreet (right). Leverett was of the more hard line autonomist faction of New England Puritans and Bradstreet the more moderate and reform oriented group.^[34]

Massachusetts Bay extended the correct to vote only to Puritans, but the population of the colony was increasing and the non-Puritan population was growing along with it; thus, tensions and conflicts were growing concerning the future management of the colony. Many wealthy merchants and colonists wished to aggrandize their economic base and commercial interests and saw the conservative Puritan leadership equally thwarting that. Even amongst Puritan guild, the younger generation wished to liberalize gild in a way which would assistance with commerce. Those who wanted Massachusetts Bay and New England to be a place for religious observance and theocracy were virtually hostile to any change in governance. The Crown learned of these divisions and sought to include non-Puritans in the leadership in the hope of managing the colony.^[35]

The charges of insubordination confronting the colony included denying the crown's authority to legislate in New England, asserting that Massachusetts Bay was governing in the Province of New Hampshire and Maine, and denying liberty of censor. Nevertheless, main among the colonists' transgression of coining coin (the pine tree shilling) and their violations of the Navigation Acts, passed by Parliament to regulate trade within the English language colonial empire. These regulations adamant whom the colonies could trade with and how trade could be conducted, and New England merchants were flaunting them past trading directly with European powers. This infuriated many English merchants, commercial societies, and Imperial committees who petitioned the King for action, claiming that the New England colonists were pain their merchandise. The Lords of Trade's complaints were and then serious that the King sent Edward Randolph to Boston in an endeavour to rein in and regulate the colony. When he arrived in Boston, he institute a colonial authorities which refused to give in to the royal demands.

Randolph reported to London that the General Court of Massachusetts Bay claimed that the King had no right to interfere with their commercial dealings. In response, Randolph asked the crown to cutting off all trade to and from the colony, and asked that farther regulations exist put in place. The crown did not wish to enforce such a harsh measure and risk alienating the moderate members of New England guild who supported England, then the British offered conciliatory measures if Massachusetts Bay followed the constabulary. Massachusetts Bay refused, and the Lords of Trade became wary of the colony's charter; they petitioned the crown to either revoke it or amend information technology. Randolph was made caput of Customs and Surveyor General of New England, with his role in Boston. Despite this increased pressure, the General Court established laws which allowed merchants to circumvent Randolph's authority. Adding to Randolph's frustration was his reliance on the Admiralty Court to rule on the laws that he was attempting to enforce. The moderate faction of the General Court was supportive of Randolph and the changes that the crown wished to make, simply the conservatives remained too powerful and blocked any attempt to side with England. However, as the tensions mounted between the crown and Massachusetts Bay, and threats mounted of legal activeness confronting the colony, the General Court did laissez passer laws which best-selling certain English admiralty laws while even so making allowance for self-governance.^[36]

Revocation of the charter [edit]

Two delegates from Massachusetts Bay were sent to London to encounter with the Lords of Trade when the crown threatened the colony with a quo warranto. The Lords demanded a supplementary charter to alleviate bug, but the delegates were under orders that they could not negotiate whatever change with the Charter and this enraged the Lords. The quo warranto was issued immediately. The Rex feared that this would stir problems within the colony and attempted to reassure the colonists that their private interests would not be infringed upon. The annunciation did create problems, however, and the confrontations increased between the moderates and conservatives. The moderates controlled the office of Governor and the Council of Administration, and the conservatives controlled the Assembly of Deputies. This political turmoil ended in compromise with the deputies voting to allow the delegates in London to negotiate and defend the colonial charter.^[37]

When the warrant arrived in Boston, the General Courtroom voted on what grade the colony should take. The two options were to immediately submit to imperial authority and dismantle their government or to wait for the crown to revoke their charter and install a new governmental system. The General Court decided to wait out the crown. They lacked a legal basis to go on their government, yet it remained intact until its official revocation in 1686.^[38]

Unifications and restoration [edit]

James II of England united Massachusetts with the other New England colonies in the Dominion of New England in 1686. The dominion was governed by Sir Edmund Andros without any local representation beyond his ain mitt-picked councillors, and it was extremely unpopular throughout New England. Massachusetts authorities arrested Andros in April 1689 after the 1688 Glorious Revolution in England, and they re-established government under the forms of the vacated charter. However, dissenters from the Puritan dominion argued that the government lacked a proper constitutional foundation, and some of its deportment were resisted on that footing.

King William III issued a charter in 1691, despite efforts past Massachusetts agents to revive the old colonial charter. It was chiefly negotiated by Increment Mather in his office as the colony's administrator-boggling,^[39] unifying Massachusetts Bay with Plymouth Colony, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and territories that roughly encompass Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay. This new charter additionally extended voting rights to non-Puritans, an upshot that Mather had tried to avoid.^[40]

Life [edit]

Life could be quite difficult in the early years of the colony. Many colonists lived in fairly crude structures, including dugouts, wigwams, and clay-floor huts fabricated using wattle and daub construction. Structure improved in later years, and houses began to be sheathed in clapboard, with thatch or plank roofs and wooden chimneys.^[41] Wealthier individuals would extend their house by adding a leanto on the back, which allowed a larger kitchen (mayhap with a brick or stone chimney including an oven), additional rooms, and a sleeping loft. These houses were the precursors to what is at present called the saltbox manner of compages.^[42] Interiors became more elaborate in later years, with plaster walls, wainscoting, and potentially expensive turned woodwork in the most expensive homes.^[43]

Colonists arriving subsequently the offset moving ridge found that the early towns did not have room for them. Seeking land of their own, groups of families would petition the regime for land on which to found a new town; the government would typically allow the group's leaders to select the land. These grants were typically about 40 foursquare miles (x,000 ha), and were located sufficiently virtually other towns to facilitate defense and social support. The grouping leaders would also be responsible for acquiring native championship to the lands that they selected.^[44] By this ways, the colony expanded into the interior, spawning settlements in adjacent territories also.^[45]

The state within a town would exist divided by communal understanding, usually allocating by methods that originated in England. Outside a town center, state would exist allocated for farming, some of which might exist held communally. Farmers with large plots of country might build a house near their properties on the outskirts of the town.^[46] A town middle that was well laid out would exist fairly compact, with a tavern, schoolhouse, perhaps some small shops, and a meeting house that was used for borough and religious functions.^[43] The coming together firm would exist the center of the town'due south political and religious life. Church services might exist held for several hours on Wednesday and all twenty-four hour period Lord's day. Puritans did non observe annual holidays, especially Christmas, which they said had infidel roots. Annual town meetings would be held at the coming together house, generally in May, to elect the town's representatives to the general court and to transact other community business organization. Towns ofttimes had a village green, used for outdoor celebrations and activities such equally military machine exercises of the boondocks's trainband or militia.

Spousal relationship and Family unit life [edit]

Many of the early colonists who migrated from England came with some or all of their family.^[47] It was expected that individuals would marry fairly immature and begin producing offspring. Babe bloodshed rates were comparatively low, as were instances of childhood decease.^[48] Men who lost their wives often remarried fairly apace, peculiarly if they had children needing care. Older widows would also sometimes marry for financial security. It was also normal for older widowed parents to live with one of their children. Due to the Puritan perception of marriage as a civil wedlock, divorce did sometimes occur and could exist pursued by both genders.^[49]

Sexual activity was expected to be bars to wedlock. Sex outside of marriage was considered fornication if neither partner was married, and adultery if one or both were married to someone else. Fornication was generally punished by fines and pressure to ally; a woman who gave nativity to an illegitimate child could also be fined. Adultery and rape were more serious crimes, and both were punishable by death. Rape, all the same, required more than i witness, and was therefore rarely prosecuted. Sexual practice between men was called sodomy, and was as well punishable by death.^[50]

Within the marriage, the husband was typically responsible for supplying the family's fiscal needs, although it was non uncommon for women to work in the fields and to perform some domicile labor (for example, spinning thread or weaving cloth) to supplement the family unit income. Women were nigh exclusively responsible for seeing to the welfare of the children.

Children were baptized at the local meeting house within a week of being built-in. The mother was ordinarily non nowadays because she was nonetheless recovering from the nascency, and the child's name was usually chosen past the father. Names were propagated within the family, and names would be reused when infants died. If an adult died without issue, his (or her) name could be carried on when the siblings of the deceased named children in his or her retentiveness.

Near children received some grade of schooling, something which the colony'due south founders believed to exist of import for forming a proper human relationship with God. Towns were obligated to provide education for their children, which was commonly satisfied by hiring a instructor of some sort. The quality of these instructors varied, from minimally educated local people to Harvard-educated ministers.

Government [edit]

The construction of the colonial government changed over the lifetime of the charter. The Puritans established a theocratic government limited to church members. Winthrop, Dudley, the Rev. John Cotton, and other leaders sought to prevent dissenting religious views, and many were banished because of differing religious beliefs, including Roger Williams of Salem and Anne Hutchinson of Boston, too as unrepentant Quakers and Anabaptists. By the mid-1640s, Massachusetts Bay Colony had grown to more than 20,000 inhabitants.^[51]

The charter granted the general court the authority to elect officers and to make laws for the colony. Its first coming together in America was held in October 1630, but it was attended by just eight freemen.^[52] They formed the first council of assistants and voted (reverse to the terms of the lease) that they should elect the governor and deputy from amid themselves.^[53] The general court determined at the next session that it would elect the governor and deputy.^[54]

An boosted 116 settlers were admitted to the general court as freemen in 1631, but most of the governing and judicial power remained with the council of administration.^[55] They too enacted a law specifying that but those men who "are members of some of the churches" in the colony were eligible to become freemen and gain the vote.^[53] This restriction was not changed until after the English Restoration.^[54] The process by which individuals became members of one of the colony'south churches involved a detailed questioning by the church elders of their beliefs and religious experiences; every bit a issue, only individuals whose religious views accorded with those of the church leadership were likely to get members and proceeds the power to vote in the colony.^[56] After a protest^{[ by whom? ]} over the imposition of taxes^{[ by whom? ]} past a meeting of the council of assistants,^{[ vague ]} the full general court ordered each town to transport two representatives known as deputies to run across with the court to talk over matters of taxation.^[57]

Questions of governance and representation arose once again in 1634 when several deputies demanded to see the charter, which the assistants had kept hidden from public view. The deputies learned of the provisions that the general court should make all laws, and that all freemen should exist members of the general court. They and so demanded that the charter be enforced to the alphabetic character, which Governor Winthrop pointed out was impractical given the growing number of freemen. The parties reached a compromise and agreed that the general courtroom would be made up of two deputies representing each town.^[57] Dudley was elected governor in 1634, and the general court reserved a big number of powers for itself, including those of taxation, distribution of land, and the admission of freemen.^[58]

A legal case in 1642 brought about the separation of the quango of assistants into an upper house of the full general court. The instance involved a widow'due south lost sus scrofa and had been overturned by the general court, but the administration voted as a trunk to veto the general court's deed.^[59] The consequence of the ensuing debate was that the general court voted in 1644 that the council of assistants would sit down and deliberate separately from the general court (they had sat together until then), and both bodies must concur for any legislation to be passed. Judicial appeals were to be decided past a joint session, since otherwise the assistants would be in the position to veto attempts to overturn their own decisions.^[60]

Laws and judiciary [edit]

In 1641, the colony formally adopted the Massachusetts Trunk of Liberties^[61] which Nathaniel Ward compiled.^[62] This document consisted of 100 civil and criminal laws based upon the social sanctions recorded in the Bible.^[63] These laws formed the nucleus of colonial legislation until independence and contained some provisions later on incorporated into the United States Constitution, such as the ideas of equal protection and double jeopardy.^[62]

On the other mitt, Massachusetts Bay was the first colony to legalize slavery with provision 91 of the Massachusetts Body of Liberties which adult protections for people unable to perform public service.^[64] Another police was developed to protect married women, children, and people with mental disabilities from making financial decisions.^[64] Colonial law differentiated amidst types of mental disabilities, classifying them as "distracted persons," "idiots," and "lunaticks".^[64] In 1693, "poor laws" enabled communities to use the estates of people with disabilities to defer the cost of customs support of those individuals.^{[64] [65] [66]} Many of these laws remained until the American Revolution.^[64]

Many behaviors were frowned upon culturally which modern sensibilities might consider relatively piddling actions, and some led to criminal prosecution. These included sleeping during church services, playing cards, and engaging in any number of activities on the Sabbath. Conversely, there were laws which reflected attitudes that are nevertheless endorsed by pop sensibilities in 21st century America, confronting things such as smoking tobacco, abusing one'due south mother-in-law, profane dancing, and pulling hair.^[67] Children, newcomers, and people with disabilities were exempt from penalisation for such infractions.^[64]

The colony'due south quango of assistants sat as the final court of appeal and as the primary court for criminal issues of "life, limb, or banishment" and civil bug where the damages exceeded £100.^[63] Lesser offenses were heard in canton courts or by commissioners appointed for hearing minor disputes. The lower courts were also responsible for issuing licenses and for matters such as probate. Juries were authorized to decide questions of both fact and police force, although the courtroom could make up one's mind if a jury failed to attain a conclusion.^[68] Sentences for offenses included fines and corporal punishments such as whipping and sitting in the stocks, with the punishments of banishment from the colony and expiry by hanging reserved for the most serious offenses.^[69] Prove was sometimes based on hearsay and superstition. For instance, the "ordeal of touch" was used in 1646 in which someone accused of murder is forced to bear on the expressionless body; if blood appears, the accused is accounted guilty. This was used to convict and execute a woman accused of murdering her newborn kid.^[70] Bodies of individuals hanged for piracy were sometimes gibbeted (publicly displayed) on harbor islands visible to seagoing vessels.^[71]

Notable criminal prosecutions [edit]

I of the first to exist executed in the colony was Dorothy Talbye, who was apparently delusional. She was hanged in 1638 for murdering her daughter, as the mutual law of Massachusetts made no distinction at the time between insanity (or mental affliction) and criminal beliefs.^[72] Midwife Margaret Jones was convicted of existence a witch and hanged in 1648 after the status of patients allegedly worsened in her care.^[73]

The colonial leadership was the most active in New England in the persecution of Quakers. In 1660, English Quaker Mary Dyer was hanged in Boston for repeatedly defying a law banning Quakers from the colony.^[74] Dyer was one of the four executed Quakers known every bit the Boston martyrs. Executions ceased in 1661 when King Charles Two explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism.^[75]

New England Confederation [edit]

In 1643, Massachusetts Bay joined Plymouth Colony, Connecticut Colony, and New Haven Colony in the New England Confederation, a loose coalition organized primarily to coordinate military and administrative matters amid the Puritan colonies.^[76] Information technology was near active in the 1670s during Rex Philip'due south State of war.^[77] (New Hampshire had not yet been organized equally a divide province, and both it and Rhode Island were excluded because they were not Puritan.)^[78]

Economy and trade [edit]

In the early years, the colony was highly dependent on the import of staples from England and was supported past the investments of a number of wealthy immigrants. Sure businesses were quick to thrive, notably shipbuilding, fisheries, and the fur and lumber trades. As early on as 1632, ships built in the colony began trading with other colonies, England, and foreign ports in Europe. By 1660, the colony's merchant fleet was estimated at 200 ships and, by the end of the century, its shipyards were estimated to plow out several hundred ships annually.^[79] In the early on years, the fleet principally carried fish to destinations from the W Indies to Europe.^[eighty] It was common for a merchant to ship stale fish to Portugal or Espana, pick up vino and oil for transport to England, and then carry finished appurtenances from England or elsewhere back to the colony.^[81] This and other patterns of trade became illegal post-obit the introduction of the Navigation Acts in 1651, turning colonial merchants who continued these trading patterns into de facto smugglers. Many colonial regime were merchants or were politically dependent on them, and they opposed being required by the crown to collect duties imposed past those acts.^[82] In 1652, Massachusetts General Courtroom established the "Hull Mint" established by John Hull and Robert Sanderson producing the pine tree shilling.

The fur trade only played a modest role in the colony's economic system considering its rivers did not connect its centers well with the Indians who engaged in fur trapping. Timber began to take on an increasingly important function in the economy, especially for naval purposes, later on conflicts between England and the Dutch depleted England'southward supplies of ship masts.^[83]

The colony's economy depended on the success of its trade, in role considering its land was not as suitable for agriculture equally that of other colonies such as Virginia, where large plantations could be established. The fishery was important enough that those involved in it were exempted from tax and military service.^[84] Larger communities supported craftsmen skilled in providing many of the necessities of 17th century life. Some income-producing activities took place in the habitation, such as carding, spinning, and weaving of wool and other fibers.^[85]

Goods were transported to local markets over roads that were sometimes piddling more than widened Indian trails.^[86] Towns were required to maintain their roads, on punishment of fines, and the colony required special town commissions to lay out roads in a more sensible manner in 1639. Bridges were fairly uncommon, since they were expensive to maintain, and fines were imposed on their owners for the loss of life or goods if they failed. Consequently, virtually river crossings were fabricated past ferry. Notable exceptions were a bridge across the Mystic River constructed in 1638, and another over the Saugus River, whose budget costs were subsidized past the colony.^[87]

The colonial government attempted to regulate the economy in a number of ways. On several occasions, it passed laws regulating wages and prices of economically of import goods and services, just well-nigh of these initiatives did not final very long.^[88] The trades of shoe-making and coopering (barrel-making) were authorized to class guilds, making it possible to set cost, quality, and expertise levels for their work. The colony set up standards governing the use of weights and measures. For example, mill operators were required to weigh grain before and after milling, to ensure that the customer received dorsum what he delivered (minus the miller's pct).^[89]

The Puritan dislike of ostentation led the colony to too regulate expenditures on what information technology perceived as luxury items. Items of personal beautification, especially lace and costly silk outerwear, were frowned well-nigh. Attempts to ban these items failed, and the colony resorted to laws restricting their display to those who could demonstrate £200 in assets.^[90]

Demographics [edit]

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1630	506	—
1640	viii,932	+1665.two%
1650	14,307	+lx.2%
1660	20,082	+40.4%
1670	30,000	+49.4%
1680	39,752	+32.five%
1690	49,504	+24.5%
Source: 1630–1690;[91] excluding Province of Maine (1622–1658)

Most of the people who arrived during the beginning 12 years emigrated from two regions of England. Many of the colonists came from the county of Lincolnshire and East Anglia, northeast of London, and a large group also came from Devon, Somerset, and Dorset in the southwest of England. These areas provided the bulk of the migration, although colonists also came from other regions of England.^[92] The pattern of migration oftentimes centered around specific Nonconformist clergy who sought to get out England nether threat from Archbishop Laud, who encouraged their flock to accompany them.^[93] One characteristic unique to the New England colonies (equally distinguished from some of the other English colonies) was that about of the immigrants were emigrating for religious and political reasons, rather than economical ones.^[94]

The preponderance of the immigrants were well-to-exercise gentry and skilled craftsmen. They brought with them apprentices and servants, the latter of whom were sometimes in indentured servitude.^[95] Few titled nobility emigrated, even though some supported the emigration politically and financially and likewise acquired land holdings in Massachusetts and other colonies.^[96] Merchants also represented a meaning proportion of the immigrants, often the children of the gentry, and they played an important office in establishing the economy of the colony.^[95]

With the start of the English language Civil State of war in 1642, emigration came to a comparative standstill, and some colonists fifty-fifty returned to England to fight for the Parliamentary cause. In the following years, most of the immigrants came for economic reasons; they were merchants, seamen, and skilled craftsmen. Post-obit the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the colony too saw an influx of French Protestant Huguenots. During the menses of the lease colony, small numbers of Scots immigrated, simply these were assimilated into the colony.^[97] The population of Massachusetts remained largely English in character until the 1840s.^[98]

Slavery existed but was not widespread within the colony. Some Indians captured in the Pequot War were enslaved, with those posing the greatest threat beingness transported to the West Indies and exchanged for appurtenances and slaves.^[99] Governor John Winthrop owned a few Indian slaves,^[100] and Governor Simon Bradstreet owned two black slaves.^[101] The Body of Liberties enacted in 1641 included rules governing the treatment and handling of slaves.^[102] Bradstreet reported in 1680 that the colony had 100 to 120 slaves, but historian Hugh Thomas documents bear witness suggesting that in that location may have been a somewhat larger number.^[103]

Geography [edit]

The Massachusetts colony was dominated past its rivers and coastline. Major rivers included the Charles and Merrimack, as well as a portion of the Connecticut River, which has been used to ship furs and timbers to Long Island Sound. Cape Ann juts into the Gulf of Maine, providing harbors for fishermen plying the fishing banks to the east, and Boston'southward harbor provided secure anchorage for seagoing commercial vessels. Development in Maine was restricted to coastal areas, and large inland areas remained nether native control until later on King Philip'due south War, particularly the uplands in what is at present Worcester Canton.

Boundaries [edit]

The colonial charter specified that the boundaries were to be from three miles (4.viii km) north of the Merrimack River to 3 miles south of the southernmost signal of the Charles River and thence westward to the "Due south Sea" (i.e., the Pacific Sea).^[21] At the fourth dimension, the course of neither of the rivers was known for any pregnant length, which eventually led to boundary disputes with the colony'southward neighbors.^[104] The colony's claims were large, only the practicalities of the time meant that they never actually controlled any state further westward than the Connecticut River valley. The colony also claimed additional lands by conquest and buy, farther extending the territory that it administered.

The southeastern boundary with the Plymouth Colony was first surveyed in 1639 and accustomed by both colonies in 1640.^[105] It is known in Massachusetts as the "Sometime Colony Line", and is even so visible as the boundary between Norfolk County to the n and Bristol and Plymouth Counties to the southward.^[106]

The northern purlieus was originally thought to be roughly parallel to the latitude of the oral fissure of the Merrimack River, since the river was assumed to flow primarily w. This was found not to exist the instance and, in 1652, Governor Endicott sent a survey party to locate the northernmost point on the Merrimack. At the point where the Pemigewasset River, the Merrimack'southward principal tributary, meets the Winnipesaukee River local Indians guided the party to the outlet of Lake Winnipesaukee, incorrectly claiming that as the Merrimack'south source. The survey party carved lettering into a rock there (now chosen Endicott Rock), and its latitude was taken to be the colony'due south northern purlieus. When extended east, this line was found to come across the Atlantic nigh Casco Bay in nowadays-twenty-four hours Maine.

Following this discovery, the colonial magistrates began proceedings to bring existing settlements under their authority in southern New Hampshire and Maine.^[107] This extension of the colonial merits conflicted with several proprietary grants endemic by the heirs of John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges.^[108] The Mason heirs pursued their claims in England, and the result was the formation of the Province of New Hampshire in 1679.^[109] The current boundary between Massachusetts and New Hampshire was not fixed until 1741. In 1678, the colony purchased the claims of the Gorges heirs, gaining command over the territory between the Piscataqua and Kennebec Rivers.^[110] The colony and afterward the province and country retained control of Maine until it was granted statehood in 1820.^[111]

The colony performed a survey in 1642 to make up one's mind its southern boundary west to the Connecticut River.^[112] This line, s of the present boundary, was protested by Connecticut, just stood until the 1690s, when Connecticut performed its ain survey.^[113] Near of today'due south Massachusetts boundaries with its neighbors were fixed in the 18th century.^[114] The nearly significant exception was the eastern boundary with Rhode Isle, which required extensive litigation, including Supreme Courtroom rulings, earlier it was finally resolved in 1862.^[115]

Lands which had previously belonged to the Pequots to the southwest were divided afterwards the Pequot War in nowadays-day Rhode Island and eastern Connecticut. Claims were disputed in this expanse for many years, particularly between Connecticut and Rhode Island.^{[116] [117]} Massachusetts administered Cake Island and the area around nowadays-mean solar day Stonington, Connecticut, every bit part of these spoils of war,^{[118] [119]} and was one of several claimants to land in what was known as Narragansett Country (roughly Washington County, Rhode Island). Massachusetts lost these territories in the 1660s, when Connecticut and Rhode Isle received their royal charters.^{[120] [121]}

Timeline of settlement [edit]

• Weymouth (Wessagusset): 1622 as part of Plymouth Colony; part of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630
• Gloucester: 1623 (Dorchester Company)
• Chelsea: 1624
• Quincy: 1625
• Naumkeag (after Salem): 1626 (Dorchester Company)
• Beverly: 1626 (originally a part of Salem, incorporated separately in 1668)
• Duxbury, Massachusetts; settled in 1627 as office of Plymouth Colony, incorporated in 1637
• Charlestown: 1628 (first uppercase, now role of Boston)
• Lynn: 1629
• Saugus: 1629
• Manchester-by-the-Body of water (Jeffery's Creek): 1629
• Marblehead: 1629 (settled as a plantation of Salem, incorporated separately in 1639)
• Boston: 1630 (from Shawmut and Trimountaine)
• Medford: 1630
• Mystic (now office of Malden):^[122] 1630
• Everett: 1630 (settlement)
• Watertown: 1630 (on state now part of Cambridge)
• Newtowne (at present Cambridge): 1630 (near Harvard Square)
• Roxbury: 1630 (now role of Boston)
• Dorchester: 1630 (now part of Boston)
• Newton: 1630
• Ipswich: 1633
• Milton: 1634
• Attleboro: 1634
• Braintree: 1634
• Agawam: 1635 (Settled equally Agawam Plantation and originally administered by the Connecticut Colony; defected to Massachusetts with Springfield in 1640)
• Concord: 1635
• Hingham: 1635
• Newbury: 1635
• Dedham: 1635 (settled as Delectation, renamed Dedham and incorporated in 1636)
• Winthrop: 1635
• Menotomy (now Arlington, and so function of Newtowne): 1635
• Scituate: 1636
• Andover: 1636 (carve up into Andover and North Andover in 1856)
• Springfield: 1636 (settled as Agawam Plantation and originally administered past the Connecticut Colony; defected to Massachusetts and renamed Springfield in 1640)
• Brookline: 1638 (settled as Dirty River, considered part of Boston until it was renamed Brookline and incorporated in 1705)
• Rowley: 1638
• Salisbury: 1638
• Reading: 1639 (Lynn Village, renamed and incorporated as Reading in 1644)
• Sandwich: 1639 (outset settled in 1637)
• Sudbury: 1639
• Winchester: 1640 (founded equally role of Charlestown, incorporated as Waterfield in 1640, incorporated 1850)
• Chicopee: 1640 (settled as Nayasett)
• Haverhill: 1640
• Braintree: 1640
• Malden: 1640 (founded every bit part of Charlestown, incorporated separately in 1649)
• Woburn: 1640
• Methuen: 1642 (founded as part of Haverhill, incorporated separately in 1725)
• Longmeadow: 1644
• Andover: 1646 (original settlement is now in North Andover)
• Framingham: 1647
• Natick: 1651
• Eastham: 1651
• Medfield: 1651
• Billerica: 1653 (Founded as Shawshin, incorporated in 1655)
• Chelmsford: 1653 (incorporated in 1655)
• Lancaster: 1653
• Lowell: 1653 (Founded as East Chelmsford, was formally incorporated in 1826)
• Northampton: 1654 (incorporated in 1653)
• Groton: 1655
• Dunstable: 1656
• Hadley: 1659
• Middleton: 1659
• Holliston: 1659
• Marlborough: 1660
• Westfield: 1660
• Westward Springfield: 1660
• Brookfield: 1660
• Milford: 1662
• Mendon: 1667
• Middleborough: 1669
• Deerfield: 1673
• Worcester: 1673

See too [edit]

• History of Massachusetts
• History of the Puritans in North America
• List of colonial governors of Massachusetts
• Listing of members of the colonial Massachusetts House of Representatives

References [edit]

1. ^ Pestana, Carla Gardina (September 1983). "The City upon a Hill under Siege: The Puritan Perception of the Quaker Threat to Massachusetts Bay, 1656–1661". The New England Quarterly. 56 (3): 323–353. doi:ten.2307/365396. JSTOR 365396.
2. ^ Hart, pp. 1:129–131
3. ^ ^{a b} Hart, p. 1:129
4. ^ Hart, pp. 1:127–128
5. ^ "The Start Charter of Virginia; Apr 10, 1606". The Avalon Project; Documents in Law, History and Affairs. Yale Law School Avalon Project. 1998-12-xviii. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
6. ^ The 1606 charter did not assign names to the regional companies or councils, but the April 4, 1629 charter granted past King Charles I erroneously asserted that the 1606 charter had given the name "Council established at Plymouth in the county of Devon" to the council governing the "second Colony."
7. ^ Hart, p. 1:5
8. ^ Hart, pp. one:16–17
9. ^ Thayer, pp. thirteen–216
10. ^ Vaughan, p. xiv
11. ^ Vaughan, p. 15
12. ^ Hart, pp. 1:67–70
13. ^ Stratton, p. 27
14. ^ Heath, pp. xiii–15
15. ^ Labaree, p. 26
16. ^ Adams and Nash, pp. 29–34
17. ^ Young, Alexander (1846). Chronicles of the Commencement Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1623–1636. Boston: C. C. Piddling and J. Dark-brown. p. 26. Retrieved 2008-12-23 .
18. ^ Moore, p. 238
19. ^ Labaree, pp. 17–19
20. ^ Dates in this article are in the Julian calendar, which was then in utilise in England. The new year in that agenda fell on March 25, so dates betwixt Jan 1 and March 25 are written with both years to avoid confusion.
21. ^ ^{a b} Morison (1981), p. 32
22. ^ Morison (1981), p. 31
23. ^ Moore, pp. 347–348
24. ^ Hubbard (1848), p. 112
25. ^ Labaree, p. 39
26. ^ Winthrop et al, p. 35
27. ^ MacDonald, p. 22
28. ^ Francis, Richard. Gauge Sewall's Apology. p. 41
29. ^ Labaree, p. 30
30. ^ Bremer (2003), p. 175
31. ^ Labaree, p. 85
32. ^ (Barnes 1923, p.6)
33. ^ ^{a b} (Barnes 1923, p.7)
34. ^ (Barnes 1923, p.17)
35. ^ (Barnes 1923, p.8-10)
36. ^ (Barnes 1923, p.10-eighteen)
37. ^ (Barnes 1923, p.18-23)
38. ^ (Barnes 1923, p.23)
39. ^ Starkey, pp. 129–131
40. ^ Starkey, p. 131
41. ^ Labaree, p. 56
42. ^ Labaree, pp. 56–58
43. ^ ^{a b} Labaree, p. 59
44. ^ Labaree, pp. 48–49
45. ^ Labaree, pp. 84–xc
46. ^ Labaree, p. 51
47. ^ Master, p. 29
48. ^ Hawke, David (2003). Everyday Life in Early on America. New York: Harper. p. 66. ISBN978-0060912512.
49. ^ Foster, Thomas (October 1999). "Deficient Husbands: Manhood, Sexual Incapacity, and Male Marital Sexuality in Seventeenth-Century New England". The William and Mary Quarterly. 56 (4): 723–744. doi:ten.2307/2674233. JSTOR 2674233.
50. ^ Principal, pp. 64–65
51. ^ The Editors of Encyclopedia Brittannica. "Massachusetts Bay Colony". Facts, Map, & Significance. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
52. ^ Hart, p. ane:103
53. ^ ^{a b} Hart, p. ane:105
54. ^ ^{a b} Hart, p. 1:106
55. ^ Hart, pp. ane:104–105
56. ^ Master, p. 47
57. ^ ^{a b} Hart, p. 1:107
58. ^ Hart, p. 1:108
59. ^ Hart, p. 1:113
60. ^ Hart, p. 1:112
61. ^ Bremer (2003), p. 305
62. ^ ^{a b} "Massachusetts Torso of Liberties". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on 2012-05-21. Retrieved 2012-05-22 .
63. ^ ^{a b} Dow, p. 200
64. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Nielsen, K.E. (2012). A Disability History of the U.s.. Beacon Printing. ISBN9780807022047.
65. ^ Wickham, Parnel (2001). "Images of Idiocy in Puritan New England". Mental Retardation. 39 (2): 147–51. doi:x.1352/0047-6765(2001)039<0147:IOIIPN>2.0.CO;two. PMID 11340964.
66. ^ Wickham, Parnel (April 2001). "Idiocy and the Law in Colonial New England". Mental Retardation. 39 (2): 104–xiii. doi:10.1352/0047-6765(2001)039<0104:IATLIC>ii.0.CO;2. PMID 11340960.
67. ^ All of these crimes were fatigued from the records of Essex County during the colonial period. Dow, pp. 224–225
68. ^ Dow, p. 201
69. ^ Dow, pp. 200–204
70. ^ Dow, p. 202
71. ^ Dow, p. 224
72. ^ Addison, p. 131
73. ^ Guiley, p. 186
74. ^ Rogers, pp. 1–2
75. ^ Bremer (2006), p. i:xli
76. ^ Labaree, pp. 87–88
77. ^ Labaree, pp. 100–105
78. ^ W, p. 104
79. ^ Hart, p. ane:448
80. ^ Labaree, p. xc
81. ^ Labaree, p. 93
82. ^ Labaree, pp. 94–95
83. ^ Labaree, p. 92
84. ^ Hart, p. 1:424
85. ^ Hart, p. 1:425
86. ^ Hart, p. 1:431
87. ^ Hart, p. one:432
88. ^ Hart, pp. 1:426–427
89. ^ Hart, p. 1:427
90. ^ Hart, p. i:429
91. ^ Purvis, Thomas L. (1999). Balkin, Richard (ed.). Colonial America to 1763. New York: Facts on File. pp. 128–129. ISBN978-0816025275.
92. ^ Hart, pp. 1:56–57
93. ^ Hart, p. one:55
94. ^ Hart, p. i:52
95. ^ ^{a b} Hart, p. ane:54
96. ^ Hart, p. 1:53
97. ^ Hart, pp. 1:61–62
98. ^ Hart, p. one:63
99. ^ Bremer (2003), p. 273
100. ^ Bremer (2003), p. 314
101. ^ Anderson, p. 1:211
102. ^ Thomas, p. 453
103. ^ Thomas, p. 207
104. ^ Hubbard (2009), pp. 14–17
105. ^ Winthrop et al, p. 339
106. ^ Morison (1956), p. 156
107. ^ Mayo, pp. 221–226
108. ^ Hubbard (2009), pp. thirteen–fourteen
109. ^ Fry, pp. 54–65
110. ^ Fry, pp. xix–22, 65
111. ^ Labaree, p. 87
112. ^ Bowen, p. 15
113. ^ Bowen, p. 54
114. ^ Field, p. 171
115. ^ Field, p. 374
116. ^ Wheeler, pp. i–2
117. ^ Field, pp. 98–101
118. ^ Wheeler, p. 11
119. ^ Field, p. 107
120. ^ Wheeler, p. fifteen
121. ^ Field, pp. 100,107
122. ^ "Answers - The Most Trusted Identify for Answering Life's Questions". Answers. Archived from the original on March 26, 2007.

Bibliography [edit]

• Adams, Charles Francis; Nash, Gilbert (1905). Wessagusset and Weymouth. Weymouth, MA: Weymouth Historical Club. OCLC 1066255.
• Adams, Brooks (1899). The Emancipation of Massachusetts.
• Addison, Albert Christopher (1912). The Romantic Story of the Puritan Fathers: And Their Founding of New Boston. Fifty.C. Folio & Co.
• Anderson, Robert Charles (1995). The Corking Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England, 1620–1633. Boston: New England Celebrated Genealogical Guild. ISBN978-0-88082-120-ix. OCLC 42469253.
• Barnes, Viola Florence (1923). The Dominion of New England: A Report in British Colonial Policy. Yale University Press. ISBN9780804410656.
• Bowen, Clarence Winthrop (1882). The Boundary Disputes of Connecticut. Boston: James R. Osgood. OCLC 1994357.
• Bremer, Francis (2003). John Winthrop: America's Forgotten Founder. New York: Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0-19-514913-five. OCLC 237802295.
• Bremer, Francis; Webster, Tom (2006). Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-one-57607-678-i.
• Dow, George Francis (1967) [1935]. Everyday Life in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. New York: Benjamin Blom.
• Field, Edward, ed. (1902). Land of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations at the End of the Century: A History. Boston: Mason Publishing. OCLC 14245880.
• Fry, William Henry (1908). New Hampshire every bit a Imperial Province. New York: Columbia University. OCLC 1981065.
• Guiley, Rosemary (2008) [1999]. The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft, and Wicca. New York: Facts on File. ISBN9781438126845. OCLC 435912011.
• Hart, Albert Bushnell, ed. (1927). Commonwealth History of Massachusetts. New York: U.s.a. History Visitor. OCLC 1543273. (V volume history of Massachusetts until the early on 20th century)
• Hayes, Kevin (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Early American Literature. Oxford: Oxford Academy Press. ISBN9780195187274. OCLC 132584511.
• Heath, Dwight, ed. (1986) [1963]. Mourt's Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. Cambridge, MA: Applewood Books. ISBN9780918222848. OCLC 20838253.
• Hubbard, Nib (2009). American Boundaries: the Nation, u.s.a., the Rectangular Survey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-35591-seven. OCLC 163625212.
• Hubbard, William (1848). A General History of New England. Boston: C.C. Piffling and J. Brown.
• Labaree, Benjamin (1979). Colonial Massachusetts: a History . Millwood, NY: KTO Press. ISBN978-0-527-18714-9. OCLC 248194957.
• MacDonald, William (1908). Documentary Source Book of American History: 1606–1898. New York: The Macmillan Visitor. p. 22.
• Main, Gloria (2001). Peoples of a Spacious Land. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Academy Press. ISBN978-0674006287.
• Mayo, Lawrence Shaw (1936). John Endecott. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. OCLC 1601746.
• Moore, Jacob Bailey (1851). Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. Boston: C. D. Stiff. p. 273. OCLC 11362972.
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (1956). The story of the "Old Colony" of New Plymouth, 1620–1692 . New York: Knopf. OCLC 174859473.
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (1981) [1930]. Builders of the Bay Colony. Boston: Northeastern Academy Press. ISBN978-0-930350-22-2.
  • Morison, Samuel (1917). A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts. Harvard Academy Library: Wright & Potter Printing Co.
• Nagl, Dominik (2013). No Part of the Mother Country, only Distinct Dominions - Law, State Formation and Governance in England, Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1630-1769. Berlin: LIT. ISBN978-iii-643-11817-2. Archived from the original on 2016-08-12. Retrieved 2015-09-xxx .
• Rogers, Horatio (2009). Mary Dyer of Rhode Island: The Quaker Martyr That Was Hanged on Boston. BiblioBazaar. ISBN978-1-103-80124-4.
• Starkey, Marion L. (1961) [1949]. The Devil in Massachusetts: A Modern Enquiry into the Salem Witch Trials. Garden City, NY: Dolphin.
• Stratton, Eugene (1986). Plymouth Colony: Its History & People, 1620–1691. Common salt Lake Urban center, UT: Beginnings Publications. ISBN9780916489137. OCLC 15349442.
• Thayer, Henry Otis (1892). The Sagadahoc Colony. Portland: Printed for the Gorges Gild. Retrieved 2008-12-23 .
• Thomas, Hugh (1997). The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN978-0-684-81063-8. OCLC 36884041.
• Vaughan, Alden T (1995). New England Borderland: Puritans and Indians, 1620–1675. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Academy Press. ISBN978-0-8061-2718-seven. OCLC 299797876.
• West, Willis (1922). The Story of American Democracy, Political and Industrial. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. p. 104. OCLC 2564556.
• Wheeler, Richard (2009) [1900]. History of the Boondocks of Stonington, Connecticut. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. OCLC 30055748.
• Winthrop, John; Dunn, Richard; Savage, James; Yeandle, Laetitia (1996). The Journal of John Winthrop, 1630–1649. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-48425-2. OCLC 185405449.

Online primary sources [edit]

• 500+ volumes of colonial records at HathiTrust
• The Charters and General Laws of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 1814. OCLC 19448862.

External links [edit]

• Massachusetts Secretary of State: The History of the Arms and Great Seal of the Republic of Massachusetts
• Quaqua Society: Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Buffalo, NY and the Massachusetts Bay colony
• Charter of Massachusetts Bay: 1629 (full text)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony

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